what type of government did the ottoman empire have

Despite military reforms which reconstituted the Ottoman Modern Army, the Empire lost its North African territories and the Dodecanese in the Italo-Turkish War (1911) and almost all of its European territories in the Balkan Wars (19121913). [87]:24 With the Empire's population reaching 30million people by 1600, the shortage of land placed further pressure on the government. [178] However, the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure, leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favour. Strong efficient government What was the organization of power in the empire Sultan: top of large political structure Grand vizier directly below him Chief minister in charge of gov who met w other ministers and military leaders in governing council called the divan Sultan Abdlaziz (reigned 18611876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France. The Imperial government protected them and prevented major violent clashes between ethnic groups. [178] Non-Muslims remained a significant and economically influential minority, albeit declining significantly by the 19th century, due largely to migration and secession. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the mesnev, a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry; the two most notable examples of this form are the Leyli and Majnun of Fuzl and the Hsn Ak of eyh Glib. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of St (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Turkoman[23] tribal leader Osman I. Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially Turkish, and including Greek, Balkan, Armenian, and Middle Eastern cuisines. The problem was exacerbated further by the rise of more localized interests across the empire, such as the rise of nationalist movements. The Ottomans had already wrested control of nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but the strong defense of Constantinople's strategic position on the Bosporus Strait made it difficult to conquer. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of the Empire to create and experiment with different ingredients. An earlier play, a farce entitled "Vakyi'-i 'Acibe ve Havdis-i Garibe-yi Kefger Ahmed" ("The Strange Events and Bizarre Occurrences of the Cobbler Ahmed"), dates from the beginning of the 19th century, but there remains some doubt about its authenticity. It was ruled by the valide sultan. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose,[256] a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj' and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme. "Sublime Ottoman State" was not used in minority languages for Christians and Jews, nor in French, The empire also temporarily gained authority over distant overseas lands through declarations of allegiance to the, A lock-hold on trade between western Europe and Asia is often cited as a primary motivation for, Though the revolt was officially initiated on the 10 June, bin Ali's sons, "In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance. [99] Accordingly, King Charles XII of Sweden was welcomed as an ally in the Ottoman Empire following his defeat by the Russians at the Battle of Poltava of 1709 in central Ukraine (part of the Great Northern War of 17001721). The Ottoman Empire (/tmn/; Ottoman Turkish: , romanized:Devlet-i Alye-i Osmnye; Turkish: Osmanl mparatorluu or Osmanl Devleti; French: Empire ottoman),[j][21] also known as the Turkish Empire,[22] was an empire[k] that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. The Serbian revolution (18041815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. [47]:363, The Balkan territories lost by the Ottomans after 1402, including Thessaloniki, Macedonia, and Kosovo, were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s. [94] During the Kprl era (16561703), effective control of the Empire was exercised by a sequence of Grand Viziers from the Kprl family. [170] In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, between the late 13th and early 20th centuries. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (In fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure, and government) were adopted by the Ottoman Turks, who developed them into new forms, resulting in a new and distinctively Ottoman cultural identity. The Kprl Vizierate saw renewed military success with authority restored in Transylvania, the conquest of Crete completed in 1669, and expansion into Polish southern Ukraine, with the strongholds of Khotyn, and Kamianets-Podilskyi and the territory of Podolia ceding to Ottoman control in 1676. The Ottomans were holders of the Caliph title, meaning they were the leaders of all Muslims worldwide. Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centers, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. It won the Turkish War of Independence (19191923) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (later given the surname "Atatrk"). He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city. The system functioned strictly for government purposes, and (ideally) the graduates were permanently devoted to government service and had no interest in forming relations with lower social groups. For the people, the Ottoman's "super government" provided things such as consumer protection, border security and a means of trade within the empire. Throughout Ottoman history, however despite the supreme de jure authority of the sultans and the occasional exercise of de facto authority by Grand Viziers there were many instances in which local governors acted independently, and even in opposition to the ruler. Figures from 1831 onwards are available as official census results, but the censuses did not cover the whole population. Alpyal, Recep (28 November 2016). Read more about this topic: Ottoman Empire, The Republican form of government is the highest form of government; but because of this it requires the highest type of human naturea type nowhere at present existing.Herbert Spencer (18201903), I would not give half a guinea to live under one form of government rather than another. 3. Both religious and non-religious books could be illuminated. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority. Mehmed allowed the Eastern Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. The Ottoman army continued to be an effective fighting force throughout the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries,[185][186] falling behind the empire's European rivals only during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768.[30]. ruled by the Sultan of Baghdad, a hereditary position. The Ottoman period spanned more than 600 years and came to an end only in 1922, when it was replaced by the Turkish Republic and various successor states in southeastern Europe and the Middle East. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [294], In the early 19th century, Egypt under Muhammad Ali began using steam engines for industrial manufacturing, with industries such as ironworks, textile manufacturing, paper mills and hulling mills moving towards steam power. I found this about its economy right before the Great War. The Arab Revolt began in 1916 with British support. The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and prose. "Neo-Ottomanism: The Emergence and Utility of a New Narrative on Politics, Religion, Society, and History in Turkey" (PhD Dissertation, Central European University, 2013), Eissenstat, Howard. Moreover, religious leaders had a big role to play in ensuring that people lived in harmony. In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor). The Ottoman dynasty was Turkish in origin. The modernization of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century started with the military. Like all great empires, history has to offer, the initial rise of the Ottoman Empire is shrouded in mystery with facts interspersed with legends. ahin, Kaya. 86100 from, Aksan, Virginia H. "What's Up in Ottoman Studies? First, the Madrasa (Ottoman Turkish: Medrese) for the Muslims, which educated the scholars and the state officials in accordance with Islamic tradition. Ronald C. Jennings, "Some thoughts on the Gazi-thesis.". [182], These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. [234] As the largest group of non-Muslim subjects, the Rum Millet enjoyed several special privileges in politics and commerce; however, Jews and Armenians were also well represented among the wealthy merchant class, as well as in public administration. [96] The Ottomans surrendered control of significant territories, many permanently. Poetry was by far the dominant stream. ", Aksan, Virginia H. "Ottoman political writing, 17681808. In fact, there was no such single identity. [65]:61 By this time, the Ottoman Empire was a major part of the European political sphere. [26] At the beginning of the 17th century, the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. How was the Ottoman Empire governed? The body controlled swaths of the Ottoman economy, and used its position to ensure that European capital continued to penetrate the empire, often to the detriment of local Ottoman interests.[132]. ", Oleg Benesch, "Comparing Warrior Traditions: How the Janissaries and Samurai Maintained Their Status and Privileges During Centuries of Peace. What does it cost to install 10 power points in a brick wall? [133]:139 The Russo-Turkish War (18771878) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. For example, the 1831 census only counted men and did not cover the whole empire. Mehmed was incensed and the Grand Vizier suggested he sit above the fray. [193] Unlike the previous eyalet system, the 1864 law established a hierarchy of administrative units: the vilayet, liva/sanjak, kaza and village council, to which the 1871 Vilayet Law added the nahiye.[194]. [32] While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. In 1555, the Caucasus became officially partitioned for the first time between the Safavids and the Ottomans, a status quo that would remain until the end of the Russo-Turkish War (17681774). Unlike systems of chattel slavery, slaves under Islamic law were not regarded as movable property, and the children of female slaves were born legally free. The constitution offered hope by freeing the empire's citizens to modernise the state's institutions, rejuvenate its strength, and enable it to hold its own against outside powers. [168] According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders in the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty.[169]. Decline and Modernization Beginning in the late 18th century, the Ottoman Empire faced challenges defending itself against foreign invasion and occupation. [29] However, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind that of its European rivals, the Habsburg and Russian empires. [123]:79108 Toward the end of the Caucasian Wars, 90% of the Circassians were ethnically cleansed[124] and exiled from their homelands in the Caucasus and fled to the Ottoman Empire,[125] resulting in the settlement of 500,000 to 700,000 Circassians in Turkey. In 1883, a German military mission under General Baron Colmar von der Goltz arrived to train the Ottoman Army, leading to the so-called "Goltz generation" of German-trained officers who were to play a notable role in the politics of the last years of the empire. ", elik, Nihat. During the Tanzimat period (18391876), the government's series of constitutional reforms led to a fairly modern conscripted army, banking system reforms, the decriminalization of homosexuality, the replacement of religious law with secular law[116] and guilds with modern factories. 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